Membrana Epiretiniana

Beyond the everyday common diagnoses of dry eye, viral conjunctivitis, stye and cataract, there are certain ophthalmologic conditions that can be difficult to explain in plain language to a patient, regardless of the formal language in which the doctor and patient communicate. During the March through June period of 2014, my blog entries focused on some of these common, often-diagnosed eye problems. With this new series I am starting: “Cómo explicar conceptos complicados de oftalmología en español” I hope to create a series within a series, so to speak, this time around addressing less common diagnoses, many of which fall under the umbrella of subspecialty, and require more in-depth explanations and efforts at breaking down the information so a lay person can comprehend.  My goal is to help the non-native Spanish speaking doctor easily tackle the deconstruction of these often complicated medical concepts in English and fluidly relay this information in Spanish. My first subject: the concept of Epiretinal Membrane – Membrana Epiretiniana Macular.

Aviso Legal:  La información que está incluido aquí representa información general de los ojos -- no está aquí para diagnosticar o tratar una condición. Si Usted ve algunos cambios en la visión o en los ojos en general, debe visitar su oftalmólogo inmediatamente por un examen completo. La información aquí no se debe utilizar en lugar de un reconocimiento médico.

Legal Notice: The information included here represents general information of the eyes – it is not here to diagnose or treat a condition.  If you see changes in your vision or in the eyes in general, you should visit your ophthalmologist immediately for a complete exam. The information here should not be used in place of a medical examination.

La serie <Cómo explicar conceptos complicados de oftalmología en español> les presenta:

¿Qué es una “Membrana Epiretiniana” (Epiretinal Membrane)? 

¿Qué es una membrana epiretiniana macular?

Para comprender qué es una membrana epiretiniana, usted tiene que comprender las estructuras del ojo. Dentro del ojo, hay una capa fina que cubre el interior entero del ojo, se llama: la retina. Este tejido funciona para permitirle al ver. Imágenes se enfocan en la retina central: la macula, y esta información se envía al cerebro. Si la retina no funciona, por una razón u otra, usted no puede ver.

En algunas personas, las células debajo del tejido de la retina migran sobre la retina y forman una membrana en la superficie de la retina. Esta membrana provoca una arruga en la macula, y, con eso, hay distorsión y pérdida de la visión.

What is an epiretinal membrane?

To understand what an epiretinal membrane is, you have to understand the structures of the eye.  Inside the eye, there is a thin layer that covers the entire inner part of the eye, called: the retina.  This tissue works to allow you to see.  Images focus on the central retina, the macula, and this information is sent to the brain.  If the retina is not functioning, for one reason or another, then you cannot see.

In some people, the cells underneath the retinal layer migrate above the retina and form a membrane on the most superficial part of the retina.  This membrane causes a wrinkle in the macula, and as a result, there is distortion and loss of vision.

¿Qué causa la membrana epiretiniana?

Esta membrana se puede formar de estados varios del ojo: cuando hay inflamación, por ejemplo, después de algún tipo de cirugía del ojo, o un episodio de uveítis. También, después de la separación del vítreo de la retina (un proceso normal y esperado con envejecimiento) se puede formar la membrana. Si hay un hueco o abierto de una parte de la retina, hay la posibilidad de membrana. Y si hay una membrana en un ojo, hay riesgo de 20% para desarrollar dentro del otro ojo.

What causes epiretinal membrane?

This membrane can form as a result of various conditions of the eye: when there is inflammation, for example, after some type of eye surgery, or an episode of uveitis.  Also, after the vitreous separates from the retina (a normal process expected with age) a membrane can form.  If there is a hole or opening in a part of the retina, there exists the possibility of membrane formation.  And if there is a membrane in one eye, there is a 20% risk of a membrane developing in the other eye.

¿Qué son los síntomas?

Cuando la membrana crece sobre la retina central, se afecta la visión central. Si la membrana se contrae, suceden distorsiones o visión ondulada. En tiempo, es más difícil hacer actividades tal como leer y escribir.

What are the symptoms?

When the membrane grows on the central retina, it affects the central vision.  If the membrane contracts, distortions or wavy vision develop.  In time, it becomes more difficult to do activities such as reading and writing.

¿Cuál es el tratamiento – hay un tratamiento?

Si tiene un membrana epiretiniana, es importante consultar con un especialista de la retina. Él o ella puede determinar si la condición exige una cirugía para sacar la membrana y mejorar la visión. Afortunadamente, la mayoría de casos de membrana retiniana se estabiliza con tiempo y no necesitan cirugía, sólo observación. Su médico le puede dar una rejilla de ‘Amsler’ para vigilar los cambios en la visión.

What is the treatment – is there a treatment?

If you have an epiretinal membrane, it is important to consult with a retinal specialist.  He or she can determine if the condition requires a surgery to remove the membrane and improve the vision.  Fortunately, the majority of cases of epiretinal membrane stabilize in time and don’t require surgery, only observation. Your doctor may give you an Amsler grid to watch for changes in your vision.

¿Hay riesgos con esta cirugía?

Todas cirugías tienen beneficios y riesgos. Con el procedimiento para sacar la membrana epiretiniana, hay riesgo de formar catarata, desprendimiento de la retina, u infección del ojo—cualquiera de estas cosas puede resultar en ceguera.

Are there risks with this surgery?

All surgeries have benefits and risks.  With the procedure to remove an epiretinal membrane, there is a risk of cataract formation, retinal detachment or eye infection—any one of these conditions can result in blindness.

Para más información de membrana retiniana y otras enfermedades de los ojos, visite usted el sitio en la red: www.ojossanos.org . Es información médica patrocinado por la Academia Americana de Oftalmología (AAO). 

Ladybug invasion, van Cortlandt Manor

Dios le bendiga

Doctor: “Está bien. Siéntese atrás. Primero, quiero decirle que tenga ojos muy sanos.”

Paciente: “¡Ajj, Gracias a Dios!”

Doctor: “No hay signos de diabetes, y la presión del ojo es estable. Ahora, es importante que continue usted controlar el azúcar, para mantener una retina sana.”

Paciente: “O, sí, gracias a Dios por sus bendiciones, todo esté bien.”

Doctor: “Aquí, lleve este papel a la frente, hacemos una cita  para otro examen en un año.”

Paciente: “Gracias, doctor, pase buen día, Dios le bendiga.”

This conversation at the end of  a visit with my Spanish-speaking patients is quite typical. In this particular case, I am telling a diabetic patient that his eye exam is normal. He shows no signs of diabetic changes in his eyes. The patient expresses happiness and relief by thanking God for this good result. Though I reiterate during the exam that it’s his good blood sugar control that has kept his retina healthy, the patient continues to speak as if it’s not good blood sugar control that equals a healthy retina, but that garnering God’s many blessings equals a healthy retina.

There are many articles that chronicle the topic of “fatalismo”,  a particular concept of Latino culture where a person’s fate determines his outcome in any given situation. In the piece, “Cultural Values of Latino Patients and Families”, author Marcia Carteret, M. Ed. discusses how Latinos “... have a strong belief that uncertainty is inherent in life and each day is taken as it comes.” The term “fatalism” refers to the belief that because we are all assigned a pre-determined fate, there is little that can be done to alter the natural course of things.

When applying the idea of fatalismo to health care, Latino patients are less likely to seek out preventative care or continue a particular treatment. They may not follow up on testing or treatments or even want to know that they have a particular diagnosis like cancer because they believe the disease to be a punishment by God. In the case of my patient above, his good eye health was the direct result of God’s blessings. For others, conversely, diabetic retinopathy is the end result of someone’s fate, not poor blood sugar control.

For people who believe their fate is out of their hands, there is less emphasis on trying to control things in their environment. Time, for example, is flexible in the minds of many Latino immigrants. Being punctual for medical appointments is not necessarily valued and tardiness, in fact, is the societal norm. The author goes on to remark how in US American culture, there is a sense of discomfort that goes along with uncertainty in life. As a result, US born non-Latinos seek control of the natural chaos in life by tightly managing time: setting appointments, keeping them, multi-tasking. Non-Latinos focus on the individual when it comes to decision making, thereby putting “...little faith in fate or karma.”

Through my own experiences with my patients, I was about to conclude that only foreign-born or immigrant Latinos surrender to fatalismo, but an article by Amanda Machado says otherwise. In her piece, “Why Many Latinos Dread Going to the Doctor”, Ms. Machado writes how generations of Latinos in the United States still struggle with relying on Western medicine for their health care needs. They prefer turning to natural remedies used by family members to address any health ailment. She states that, though many of these plant and herbal remedies can be ineffective or even dangerous, Latinos still feel more at ease using them because “..“There’s greater trust for what has worked for your family or what you’ve heard has worked for others in your community.”

I see a large community of Latino patients in my practice. I have to admit that when I first started working there and noted how many of the patients came 15, 20 even 30 minutes late, -and regularly so- I felt frustrated because  1) I took it as a sign of disrespect for me, my time, and my other patients’ time and 2) I had to struggle to rush and squeeze in their exams so I didn’t make the other patients who came on time wait to be seen. However, after reading this information on fatalismo, and understanding the meaning behind it, I now see that the lateness of these patients is not a sign of disrespect. It’s part of a natural belief about life, that there are many things outside our control and that perhaps there’s no point in stressing about every minute, second or microsecond.

This laxity about time does have its benefits. I’ve rarely if ever had a Latino patient complain about waiting to see me. I’ve never had them start screaming at me in the exam room like some of my non-Latino patients, about how time is money and time is everything and I’ve wasted theirs. If time can’t be controlled and fate is out of our hands, then I can breath a little easier. I can give my patients the attention they deserve without rushing. And I can do my doctorly duty and explain a disease and how to prevent it. But if my patient chooses to believe that God and not lifestyle guides his health status, who am I to disagree? I happen to believe in something I’ll call ‘fatalismo plus’: that some of our life is scripted and some of it we write on our own. If we take the extra time to listen to, respect and help one another, then indeed we’ll find ourselves in a world of many blessings.

References

Carteret, Marcia, M. Ed. “Cultural Values of Latino Patients and Families.”http://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2011/03/cultural-values-of-latino-patients-and-families/

Machado, Amanda. “Why Many Latinos Dread Going to the Doctor.” http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/why-many-latinos-dread-going-to-the-doctor/361547/

Adirondack Balloon Festival, Queensbury, NY

El acrónimo

I am in the process of translating a consent form for the glaucoma laser procedures Argon laser trabeculoplasty and selective laser trabeculoplasty.  When we speak of these laser surgeries in English, we often use their acronyms, ALT and SLT, simply for ease of use and flow of the text. We usually introduce the acronym along with their corresponding words when they are first mentioned in the text. For example:

“Indications. The Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) and selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) surgeries are used for patients with open angle glaucoma. The laser is utilized to treat the drainage system of the eye.”

But what happens when this is translated for the Spanish reader?

“Indicaciones.  La trabeculoplastía con láser de árgon y trabeculoplastía selectiva con láser son procedimientos los que se usan para los pacientes con el glaucoma de ángulo abierto. El radioláser se utiliza para tratar el sistema de drenaje del ojo.”

Do I shorten “trabeculoplastía con láser de árgon” to TLA, which is the acronym corresponding to the Spanish words, or do I use the familiar ALT which is how this procedure is known by a U.S. audience?

In my own research of acronym translation, I have seen this situation handled differently. On the website TrustedTranslations.com an article posted by Scott J addresses these different approaches.

First, you can always write the acronym as it corresponds to the text in your target language, but then add in parenthesis something to the effect of “for its acronym in language of origin”.  I did this with a recent translation I did for an MTA (Metropolitan Transportation Authority) in Spanish:

 MTA – Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( la Autoridad Metropolitana de Transporte – en adelante MTA en inglés) A su servicio

Second, world-renowned organizations will have their own translation in each language:

            NATO=OTAN

Third, acronyms related to health and medicine usually have their own default translation. As seen above:

trabeculoplastía selectiva con láser (TSL – en adelante SLT en inglés)

Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA – en adelante AIDS en inglés)

Lastly, the article emphasizes that it is always important to do some investigations for a potential acronym in the target language. Especially for job titles, country names, political parties, “some acronyms have a standardized translation and others do not.”

But going back to my ALT/SLT translation from English to Spanish, another important fact to consider is, who is your reading public? For whom are you writing this? In the case of this particular consent form, the reading public includes a small immigrant population of Spanish-speakers living in an English-predominant area. The majority of these people did not have access to medical care in their home country, and if they did it was limited. Therefore for these people, I think the best approach is to write the name of the procedure in Spanish, add the Spanish acronym, but clarify what the English acronym would be, too, so they could recognize it should they come across print ads or informational brochures written in English.

Remembering the audience- knowing who your reader is- is almost as important as knowing the translation itself.

References

Trusted Translations: Translating Acronyms and Abbreviations  http://translation-blog.trustedtranslations.com/translating-acronyms-and-abbreviations-2012-06-07.html\

Purple Heron, Kopački Rit, Slavonia, HR

Subjunctivitis - Seeing is Believing

In my ever-constant pursuit of Spanish fluency, I have come to notice like any struggling student the advantages and the pit-falls of the written versus the spoken word. There are certain things you can easily “get away with” saying to someone in a grammatically incorrect way,  that unfortunately stand out as glaringly wrong in written form. For example, when I’m speaking with my patients in Spanish, sometimes I’ll say something that, the split second I say it I know I should probably be using a verb conjugated in the subjunctive. But, I’ll get unsure of myself and nervous about changing a “puedo” to a “pueda” or a “va” to a “vaya” and instead I’ll just gloss over it, using the present indicative, and hoping the listener didn’t catch my mistake. And, it’s very possible they didn’t catch my mistake, if I say it fast enough or with a lilt of an accent. But when I’m writing something in Spanish, well, I can’t evade grammatical errors so easily. It’s right there, smack in front of the reader. In black and white. Yikes!

Throughout my med school and residency years, and now especially while in private practice, I have always done mini-translations from English to Spanish. These included simple explanations of eye diseases, instructions to patients on how to use their eye drops and consent forms for various procedures. While I feel I’ve done fairly well with these translations, I’ve never had any formal guidance as to whether or not I’m actually doing them correctly. I want my grammar to be correct. I want the end-product to look professional. So, I finally decided to enroll in a translation course to gauge just what I’ve been doing, and how to improve upon it.

The truth is, when something is written in a sloppy way, with many grammar and punctuation errors, it doesn’t give the reader much confidence in what he is reading. Now imagine a doctor’s office and a consent form for cataract surgery. If poorly written, with incorrect word choices and mistakes, it really will make the patient doubt the skills of his surgeon.  After all, if the surgeon doesn’t take the time to make sure his descriptions of the surgery are pristine, maybe he doesn’t take the time to focus on all the fine details of his surgery, as well? It may seem like I’m reaching too far with this analogy, but truly, the manner in which we present ourselves dictates our attention to detail, care, skill (or complete lack thereof).

My first item of business is to try and tackle the idea of the subjunctive. I’ve been looking for some online resources and found an interesting article from the language blog FluentU.  Nick, author of “How to Survive the Spanish Subjunctive”, describes subjunctive as, “... a mood. It is not a tense because it has nothing to do with time, rather it conveys a sense of uncertainty or conditionality.”He continues on to give word “triggers” that serve as little warning signs that the subjunctive conjugation should follow. For example:

Yo quiero que tú vayas al cine conmigo.   *     I want you to go to the movies with me.

Ella espera que él tenga un buen viaje.   *    She hopes/wishes he has a good trip.

Dudo que ella esté aquí.  *   I doubt that she is here.

No es cierto que hagamos el trabajo hoy.  *   It isn’t certain that we’re doing the job today.

Essentially, any sentence that starts off with words indicating uncertainty or a desire propels the rest of the sentence into the subjunctive. In Spanish, many times these phrases will use “que” or  “that” as in,

I hope that she is coming to the party.  *   Espero que ella venga a la fiesta.

The confusing part is, we don’t always use the word ‘that’ in English, but it is still subjunctive nevertheless:

I hope she’s coming to the party.    -- No ‘that’ in this sentence, but still a subjunctive clause.

The blog article concludes by saying that even if you neglect to use subjunctive in your speech, chances are “...Spanish speakers will understand what you’re trying to say.” This is true. If you make mistakes when conversing, you probably can get away with it.

But as for my Spanish languages goals, I want to do more than simply gloss over my mistakes. I want to speak and write in a polished way.  I want my patients to have confidence in what they are hearing and reading. I am hoping that this translation course helps me to reach these goals.  I suppose then the only ‘cure’ for my subjunctivitis is continued work and perseverance--a willingness to try and learn from my mistakes.

References

FluentU “How to Survive the Spanish Subjunctive”  www.fluentu.com/spanish/blog/spanish-subjunctive

Mountain Goats, Zion National Park, Utah

Cuando el Médico no Habla Español

I had often wondered how my Spanish-speaking patients feel when they go to the doctor’s office and find out that their doctor doesn’t speak their language. I would imagine: fearful, worried that they’ll be able to express their concerns and that those concerns will be understood, worried that they’ll be able to understand the doctor and his instructions in return. Perhaps they will feel embarrassed, and even frustrated. Likely they will feel dissatisfied, knowing they didn’t say everything they wanted to, because they trimmed their conversation to the bare minimum – to what they thought the doctor would comprehend. And they wouldn’t ask questions, because they didn’t want to sound or look foolish.

Well, I don’t have to imagine this scenario, because I experienced it first-hand myself. It was when my husband and I went to Italy for our honeymoon. We spent numerous days in Capri, Cinque Terre – lounging along the sun-kissed shores. But all that lounging and strolling and shopping and sunbathing came to a halt when one day I got sick. Fortunately, the hotel we were staying in had a doctor who was on-call. I told the front office, “ Call the doctor immediately! I’m sick! “, and they readily obliged. This hotel was in a popular area – heavily visited by tourists, most if not all of which spoke English. The staff spoke English as if it were second nature to them, so I expected the same of the doctor.

I was lying on the bed in the hotel room. A knock sounded on the door and in walked an older gentleman with a black leather bag in one hand. His name was Dr. Buonocuore. Goodheart, in Italian. And he seemed to have a good heart. His hair was white and he was portly, and he had a grandfatherly air about him which was instantly calming. He gave me the sense that everything would be OK. I started talking to him immediately. Being a doctor myself, I wanted to give him all the pertinent information to make the diagnosis (I already knew my diagnosis, but being in a foreign country, I unfortunately could not write my own prescription there. Someone else had to do it).

I talked about where the pain was, when the symptoms began, how they evolved and over what period of time. I told him what I thought the diagnosis was – I told him of my medical background. Every now and again my husband chimed in with more details. And all this time Dr. Buonocuore looked at me intently, like he was really listening, like he was really taking it in.  I stopped talking and watched his lips part, and I waited with anticipation for what he would say.

“ You are...incinta? Incinta?”

My husband and I looked at each other. I don’t know what made me more frustrated: the fact that my husband studied Italian in high school and obviously didn’t remember a lick of it, or the fact that I just poured my heart out to this doctor and he hadn’t understood a word!

“I’m sorry, I don’t know what ‘incinta’ is.  ¿Usted habla español? Yo puedo hablar español con Usted.”

“No. <thinking pensively> “You are....with...the baby?”

And then I understood that he was asking me if I was pregnant or had the possibility of being pregnant, because this would help him in his antibiotic choice for me.

“Oh, no. No baby. No plans for baby.”

“OK.” <nervous laughter, writing something down on two slips of paper> “Take this to pharmacy. This pill, one a day. Finish. This other pill, only if you need.”

I looked at the prescriptions, one I didn’t recognize. The other was for “Levoxacin” which I could see was the equivalent of “Levofloxacin” available in the U.S.. I thanked him profusely and he left. My husband went to get the meds. Sure enough after one or two doses, I began to feel better. I was so grateful for this, and relieved. So much so, that after I made a full recovery days later, my husband and I brought a bottle of wine to Dr. Buonocuore’s office. I thanked him again, not entirely sure if he remembered me. Few words were spoken, but I think I got the point across.

Needless to say, after this experience I became especially sensitive to the issue of language barriers in healthcare. I have said many times before in this blog that medial lingo in and of itself is frightening and confusing for patients, never mind if another language is thrown into the mix. 

I recently found an intriguing article online entitled, “Si el Pediatra no Habla Español”, written by Carolina S. Clauss-Ehlers. In it, the author recounts true experiences of mothers who need to bring their children in for medical care, but cannot communicate with the doctor due to a language barrier. In one scenario, a mother woke up to find her child vomiting and with diarrhea and rushed him to a New York City emergency room. She was already frantic about her son’s health, but became doubly worried when she realized that she could not speak with the doctor. She found a bilingual Puerto Rican woman in the waiting area that agreed to help interpret for her and the doctor. She was so grateful to this woman for her help, but still felt a sense of dissatisfaction. As she put it, “It isn’t the same thing as speaking to the doctor in my own words – imagine if this woman had translated something incorrectly!”

Other mothers in the article talked about how they try to get around the language barrier if no interpreter is available. They ask the doctor to speak slowly and to repeat the phrases that they do not understand. Sometimes they use body language – pressing on the ear of the child to localize the source of the pain. The author also interviewed doctors, asking those who only spoke English how they handled working with Spanish-speaking patients. Answers included employing interpreters, Spanish-speaking nurses, technicians and support staff and looking at the facial expressions of the parents to gauge degree of worry and severity of symptoms.

One mother described very plainly the dangers of lack of communication. She talked about how she would always bring her husband, who is bilingual in English and Spanish, with her when she had to take their child to the pediatrician. On one such occasion, her husband could not accompany her due to work-related issues. She tried speaking English with the doctor, but knew very little. What she really wanted was a prescription for a certain medication for her son, but the doctor didn’t understand and therefore didn’t give her the prescription. Ultimately she had to return to the office the next day with her husband to get the prescription. She felt badly about it, saying, “Imagine if it was something serious and I didn’t get the medication right away?”.

Health care is a field where it is of utmost importance to the patient’s well-being that the doctor understand exactly when & how the symptoms began and how they are evolving in order to properly examine, diagnose and treat a patient. If there is limited communication due to a language barrier, then a limited exam is performed and the patient suffers. It is the ideal scenario if the doctor can speak the language of his patients, but this isn’t always possible. Language learning is a lifetime of learning. We all find ourselves at different stages of that journey. Until language skill catches up to the medical demands at hand, doctors need to have appropriate staff, interpreters and translators present to ensure continuous and thorough communication with their patients, whose life and health depend upon it.

Reference

 http://www.parents.com/parents-magazine/si-el-pediatra-no-habla-espanol/

Devil's Garden, Arches Nat'l Park, Utah

Snowbirds

“Me alegro decirle que la presión del ojo es estable-“

“¡Qué rico!”

“Sí, la combinación de colirios está funcionando para Usted. Entonces, vamos a continuar con estas gotas. Recuerda, la botella con el tapón amarillo es dos veces al día en los dos ojos, y la botella con el tapón marrón es también dos veces al día.”

“Sí y voy a necesitar ‘refills’. Bastante para 6 meses.”

“Bueno, voy a verle otra vez para cita en tres meses para comprobar la presión..”

“No, no puedo. En un mes, más o menos, voy a irme a mi país, para ver mi familia y pasar el invierno allí. No me vuelvo hasta que abril o mayo del año que viene.”

“Oh, sí, olvidé que viaja Usted cada invierno afuera del país. Bueno, recuerda Usted que glaucoma es una enfermedad crónica, y tenemos que vigilar la presión con atención.”

“Sí – tengo oftalmólogo allí, un especialista quien puede examinarme.”

“Está bien. Entonces, voy a darle este papel, donde escribo la presión de los ojos de esta visita. Por favor, cuando esté en la oficina de su médico,  déle a él está información. Pregúntele a él comprobar la presión y pregúntele mandarme el resultado. Él puede utilizar este número de FAX.”

“¿Cuándo hago la cita para ver a mi otro médico?”

“Debe verle tres meses de ahora.”

“Está bien, entonces, le llamo a Usted cuando me vuelvo para una cita aquí.”

Let it be said: I am a member of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. I love birds. I don’t think enough people pay attention to them, or realize how much beauty, in sound and appearance, they add to the world. I enjoy backyard bird watching, as well as learning about new and different species from around the world. Which is precisely why, when I was working with a patient of mine one day and introduced to a new kind of bird, my curiosity was piqued.

I had just finished my examination and was trying to schedule a follow up appointment for one of my patients. He told me he wouldn’t be available in three months to see me, as, he and his wife are “snowbirds”. Snowbirds? After seeing the look of confusion on my face, he proceeded to explain that he and his wife don’t like spending the cold winter season at their home in the northeast. They prefer to fly (figuratively speaking- he liked to drive) down to Florida to spend November through March in their condo in the Keys. “But we come up once or twice to spend the holidays with the kids.”

And there it was, a new type of migratory species. And with this migratory pattern, brought new challenges to their eye care. Some of these patients have chronic eye diseases, like glaucoma, or dry eye, or iritis, ad infinitum, and they need consistent monitoring. So for these people, I had to set up a new system of care. This involved sharing their eye care with another ophthalmologist in their new winter habitat.  For these patients, at their very last visit with me before departure, I make sure to put together a short summary letter of their eye condition over the last few months. I send them on their journey with this information, and tell them when they should schedule their follow-up with their other doctor upon arrival to their wintering grounds. I always ask that the doctor they visit do me the same courtesy on their return. And I have and continue to successfully manage many patients this way.

Many of the Spanish-speaking patients in my office experience a similar migration, if somewhat farther. They return to their home countries come winter, to Peru or Ecuador or Bolivia – to a variety of South and Central American countries. I write a summary of their care, including their most recent visit with me, their visual acuity, eye pressure and general ophthalmologic status.  A separate challenge is worrying about their medication supply. Most of the time there is an equivalent eye drop (to what they are using from U.S. pharmacies) available in their home country. In situations where this is not the case, I will give them a supply of samples to cover their stay while out of the country. I make sure to reiterate that they need to arrange the appropriate follow-up with their other doctor. And of course, once their trip comes to an end, I look forward to continuing their care on their return.

“Bueno, nos vemos entonces, tenga un buen viaje.”

“Gracias-.”

“Y no olvide – lláme la oficina cuando vuelva. Quiero comprobar la salud del ojo en su retorno.”

“Claro que sí. Mucho gusto-“

"Dottie & Casper", Barn Owls. Courtesy: The Cornell Lab

Internet, M.D.

There was a time when the only access patients had to information regarding their health care or other medical problems was through their physician. And physicians, as the gatekeepers of this information, were viewed with a level of respect because of this unique knowledge that they possessed. I was a child of the 1980s and had one such family physician who was lauded in the community where I grew up. He was a good man, an intelligent one. I remember my mother bringing me into his office one night after school. I was coming down with some common school-age malady. As I was sitting in his waiting room near my mother’s side, sniffling, sneezing and wincing at the pain in my throat with every swallow, I looked around the room and watched as patients were called back, one by one, for their examination. I watched as people trudged toward the nurse at the call of their name, heavy with what seemed to be the weight of the world on their shoulders. But after a time, the door to the exam room opened and they would walk out, with more vigor and purpose, with a look of calm or even the hint of a smile on their face. And I thought to myself, my God, what kind of man is this? This doctor has the power to take a sick, unhappy, unhealthy patient-- and heal him – body and soul,  restoring him to his former self! I thought to myself, I would like to be like this man, to heal people—and make them well again. He has the answer for every problem, and patients seek him out, looking for the answers.

My childhood was also unique in that it spanned the growth and movement of computer technology into the private sector. I remember being taught in elementary school how to write program lines in DOS. As I continued to move through primary school,  high school and college, I watched as computers relied less and less on a user’s knowledge of programming to perform tasks and instead provided user-friendly interfaces so that anyone, even those without a technology background, could find them easy to use.  Then came the late 90s and the advent of the Internet which over the years grew and flourished to become a place where people anywhere at anytime can find out information – readily available at the tips of their fingers.

Some of the information people choose to seek is information regarding their health and medical problems.

Thus sprang forth WebMD, MedlinePlus, MedicineNet and a slew of other sites. Now, physicians are no longer the gatekeepers of medical information. Now, all a person needs is access to an internet provider to diagnose himself. Now, a person can forego years of medical education and sacrifice because he himself can do a review of systems, generate a differential, consider the appropriate studies, interpret the studies, diagnose and suggest treatment – because all of that information is available to him at the touch of a button. Right? Well, not exactly.

Some of my colleagues over the years have viewed the ease of access to medical information online in a negative light. They feel that there is a certain loss of respect for doctors that has occurred because doctors are no longer the only sources of medical information for their patients. As a doctor myself who examines and treats many patients every day in the office, I do understand on a very personal level why some physicians feel this way. I always have a few patients, few as they may be, who come in with a pre-conceived diagnosis who are unwilling to accept my explanation of their condition because they have read (or interpreted) something ‘different‘ online. (see my previous blog entry “ A Stye Caused My Presbyopia” ).

In the past, when I encountered these patients, I have to admit I would be disappointed because I felt that I could not overcome the wall they set up in order to educate them appropriately about their condition. However, I’m feeling less and less of that frustration these days. At some point I decided to take their faith in the Internet and make it work for me.

As an ophthalmologist, I truly love the American Academy of Ophthalmology’s website: www.geteyesmart.org which also has an equivalent Spanish-language version: www.ojossanos.org .  It is trusted and correct information regarding eye disease and treatment, because it comes directly from the Academy and is updated frequently to keep up with advances and changes in the field of ophthalmology. It is written in plain language, so people without a medical background can understand the topics with ease. Further, every eye disease is broken down into its definition, symptoms to look for, studies, exam, diagnosis and treatment. Patients can easily click on their topic of choice and share that topic with their friends or family through Facebook, Twitter, Google+ or any other number of social sites. Best of all, the articles instruct patients to review the information presented them, formulate questions and review their unanswered questions and concerns with their physician.

The reality is that today, we physicians are still the gatekeepers. We may no longer be the sole proprietors of the keys to medical information.  But, we’ll always be the master interpreters of this information. Data means nothing unless it can be analyzed and put to appropriate use.

“Quiero repasar todo la información de su examen. Los nervios ópticos son sospechosos para una condición se llama  ‘glaucoma de ángulo abierto’.”

“¿Qué significa eso?”

“Glaucoma es una enfermedad del nervio óptico que, poco a poco en tiempo, puede resultar en daño del nervio, y el paciente pierde la visión periférica.”

“¿Podemos curarlo?”

“No hay cura, pero podemos pararlo con tratamiento en la forma de colirio.”

<el médico le da al paciente un papel con escritura>

“Aquí puede encontrar el enlace para un sitio en la red “ojossanos” donde hay más información de esta enfermedad y tratamiento. Después de leerlo, si tenga preguntas, por favor, llámeme.”

“Está bien, gracias.”

Open Roads, Monument Valley, Utah