It’s hard to
speak fluently if you spend all your time reading in silence.
-Denis
Ivanov
When you’re first learning a language, it is better
to hear it first before you see it in written form. You want to be able to associate
the objects in your environment with the sounds that represent them. Otherwise,
when you see something around you or hear something, you will first have to think of the word in
your mind, then you must translate it, then lastly you think of the object being referenced.
Did that make sense?! Let me explain...
To give you an example, I’ll start with my own
experience. My primary language is English. When I started learning Spanish at
age eleven in school, I learned the Spanish words that coincided with English
words, usually presented in long vocabulary lists like this:
the table=la mesa
the couch=el sofá
the chair=la silla
and so on and so forth.
I read the words in a vocabulary book. And, yes, we
(the other students and I) read them aloud, too, but seeing the lists was the first
introduction to these words. It’s not as if the teacher pointed to a chair and
said simply, “silla”. We didn’t look at a chair and see in our mind’s eye
“silla” and hear in our inner ear “silla”.
Instead this is what we saw:
silla ---> chair
I’m thinking back to some of the first English words
I remember learning as a young child. No, it wasn’t “mom”, or “dad”, or a color
of the rainbow, or a barnyard animal. It was “George Washington”!
I mentioned early on in this blog (see the entry Beginnings) that I grew up in a
two-family home with my parents and my grandparents (maternal). When I was a
preschool-age baby, my parents and grandmother were working full-time, but my
grandfather was retired. He was home and took care of me until my mother got
home from work. My grandparents were very big on colonial America. They had
some form of yester-year memorabilia in every square inch of their house: a
Paul Revere statue, a Thomas Jefferson decanter, a replica of the Liberty Bell,
and, of course, a rather large wall plaque of George Washington. My grandfather
carried me on his shoulders, pointed to the objects and said their names.
“George Washington. George Washington.” But remember, every time he said those
words, I wasn’t seeing the actual words “George Washington”. I saw this:
The fact of the matter is, when we are exposed to
language before we start school, we never see
the words we learn. We learn the sounds that describe the things in our
environment. We hear a sound and we know instinctively and immediately what it
is. We can see the object, and practically taste and feel the object. That’s
language. That’s communication.
But later on in school, we see what these sounds
look like on paper and we learn to read and write. And we continue to read and
we continue to pick up new vocabulary this way.
The problem is, this is not true language
communication. This is why it is so hard for students learning a second or
third language in school to communicate with native speakers of that language –
even after years of school-based
study.
Donovan Nagel, creator of The Mezzofanti Guild, a
website dedicated to linguistics and language learning, explains this concept
more in-depth in his blog article, “How important is reading for learning to speak a
language? Not very. Here’s why...”. He states that, “Language is 100% spoken.
What we read...on paper is a representation of those sounds.” As a result of
this, he goes on to say that simply reading words will not make you a fluent
speaker (and I’m adding here, will not make you a good listener, either).
Mr. Nagel continues in the article, encouraging
language-learners to practice a skill known as “chunking”. This means, listening to audio conversations
in the target language repeatedly (without reading!) and trying to use what you
hear before you even understand the grammar or every vocabulary word. He
insists people would have much more success on the road to fluency using this
method instead of reading and memorizing the written word.
What Mr. Nagel has to say in this article rings very
true to me, and I’ll explain why. As I said, I started my Spanish studies at about age 10
or 11. I learned vocabulary by reading long lists of words written in Spanish,
along with their English counterpart. My studies continued that way- all with
written text in Spanish- throughout junior high, high school and college. I had memorized quite a bit of vocabulary and
felt that I really knew the language well. But the moment people started
speaking Spanish, I could barely understand them. Instead of understanding the
foreign sounds coming out of their mouths, I saw a few words here and there that I could pick out. Words that I
had to first translate in my head into English before I could understand. Said
a different way, the sounds had no meaning to me, even though I knew what the
words meant. This is because my language education focused too much on what was
written down, and not enough on oral expression.
Frustrated, I often thought to myself, “When will I
reach a point when I won’t have to think
so hard when I’m having a conversation in Spanish? When will I understand
naturally? When will I respond only with my thoughts and feelings and not have
to think about the words and the sentence structure?” Well, after reading Mr.
Nagel’s article and reflecting on my own experiences, I finally have the answer to those queries: never.
...at least not until I let go of what is written
down and instead simply listen to
what is being said.
This is truly a eureka moment for me! In essence, I’ve
been studying Spanish (written, written, written) for 31 years and though I
communicate better now in my 31st year than in my 1st
year, I still feel at a loss in some spoken conversations. I always felt more
comfortable reading and writing the language, which is why I feel much more
competent as a Spanish translator rather than a Spanish interpreter. And I
spent years thinking it was because my brain was wired to understand written
language better. I blamed a genetic flaw. A genetic tendency. (There were for a time –now disproven- education
theories that stated that some people learn better by reading/writing vs. speaking/listening.
No study has ever proven this to be true. Now we know the reason.).
Granted, during our first few years of life, ie. birth through 3 yrs of age or so, our brain is pruning away unnecessary
connections, removing redundancies and leaving behind neuron connections that serve
in our survival. When we grow up around one language, our brain maintains neurological
connections to understanding the sounds involved in communicating in that language,
and eliminates foreign sound connections. This is the reason why learning a
language after this neurological “plastic” period – as older children or
adults – is difficult to become accustomed to hearing new and different sounds
and conversation flow of a foreign language. But this can be overcome, simply
by doing more listening and more familiarizing oneself with these new and
different sounds. It is not the primary reason why communicating in a
non-native language is difficult. The real reason is: we must associate objects
with sound first before we associate them with their written representations.
It is now the end of 2017, a time when we make our
new year’s resolutions. In 2018, I am going to resolve to do much more listening
and speaking to increase my communication skills in Spanish and the other
languages I want to learn. It is my hope to add French to that list, as well as
Croatian, the language of my husband and his family. Linguistically, I am going to turn back the
hands of time and be a child again, doing the only thing a child can do in an
effort to interact with her environment: hear, listen, mimic and speak.
What are your language goals for 2018?
References
Ivanov, D. (2015, July 9). 9 beliefs 99 percent
unsuccessful language learners have. [Web log post]. Retrieved December 30,
2017, from http://www.learningtoknowrussian.com/2015/06/9-beliefs-learning-russian-marathon.html
Nagel, D. (2015, July 2). How important is reading for
learning to speak a language? Not very. Here’s why... [Web log post]. Retrieved
December 30, 2017, from https://www.mezzoguild.com/reading/#
